The dachshund (English badger dog) is a short-legged,
long-bodied, hound-type dog breed.
The
standard size dachshund was developed to scent, chase, and flush out badgers
and other burrow-dwelling animals, while the miniature dachshund was bred to
hunt smaller prey such as rabbits. In the United States, they have also been
used to track wounded deer and hunt prairie dogs.
Dachshunds
also participate in conformation shows, field trials and many other events
organized through pure-bred dog organizations such as the American Kennel Club
(AKC). According to the AKC, the dachshund is ranked in 13th place in
popularity amongst dog breeds in the United States.
Etymology
The
name "dachshund" is of German origin and literally means "badger
dog," from Dachs .
Because
of their long, narrow build, they are often nicknamed wiener dog or sausage
dog. "Dachshund" may be erroneously pronounced and/or spelled "dash
hound," "dash-hound," or "dashound" by some English
speakers.
Classification
While
classified in the hound group or scent hound group in the United States and
Great Britain, the breed actually has its own group in the countries which
belong to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale . Many dachshunds,
especially the wire-haired subtype, may exhibit behavior and appearance that
are similar to that of the terrier group of dogs. An argument can be made for
the scent (or hound) group classification because the breed was developed to
use scent to trail and hunt animals, and probably descended from the Saint
Hubert Hound like many modern scent hound breed such as bloodhounds and Basset
Hounds; but with the persistent personality and love for digging that probably
developed from the terrier, it can also be argued that they could belong in the
terrier, or "earth dog", group.
Characteristics
Appearance
A
typical dachshund is long-bodied and muscular with short, stubby legs. Its
front paws are unusually large and paddle-shaped for extreme digging. It has
skin that is loose enough not to tear while tunneling in tight burrows to chase
prey. The dachshund has a deep chest that provides increased lung capacity for
stamina when hunting prey underground. Its snout is long with an increased nose
area that absorbs odors. In as much as the Dachshund is a hunting dog, scars
from honorable wounds shall not be considered a fault.
Coat and color
There
are three dachshund coat varieties: smooth coat (short hair), longhaired, and
wirehaired. Longhaired dachshunds have a silky coat and short featherings on
legs and ears. Wirehaired dachshunds are the least common coat variety in the
US (it is the most common in Germany) and the most recent coat to appear in
breeding standards. Dachshunds have a wide variety of colors and patterns, the
most common one being red. Their base coloration can be single-colored (either
red or cream), tan pointed (black and tan, chocolate and tan, blue and tan, or
Isabella and tan), and in wirehaired dogs, a color referred to as wildboar.
Patterns such as dapple (merle), sable, brindle and piebald also can occur on
any of the base colors. Dachshunds in the same litter may be born in different
coat colors depending on the genetic makeup of the parents. The dominant color
in the breed is red, followed by black and tan. Tan pointed dogs have tan (or
cream) markings over the eyes, ears, paws, and tail. The reds range from
coppers to deep rusts, with or without somewhat common black hairs peppered
along the back, face and ear edges, lending much character and an almost
burnished appearance; this is referred to among breeders and enthusiasts as an
"overlay" or "sabling". Sabling should not be confused with
a more unusual coat color referred to as sable. At a distance, a sable
dachshund looks somewhat like a black and tan dog. Upon closer examination,
however, one can observe that along the top of the dog's body, each hair is
actually banded with red at the base near the skin transitioning to mostly
black along the length of the strand. An additional striking coat marking is
the brindle pattern. "Brindle" refers to dark stripes over a solid
background—usually red. If a dachshund is brindled on a dark coat and has tan
points, it will have brindling on the tan points only. Even one single, lone
stripe of brindle is a brindle. If a dachshund has one single spot of dapple,
it is a dapple.
The
Dachshund Club of America (DCA) and the American Kennel Club (AKC) consider
both the piebald pattern and the double dapple (double merle) pattern to be
nonstandard. However, both types continue to be shown and sometimes even win in
the conformation ring.
Dogs
that are double-dappled have the merle pattern of a dapple, but with distinct
white patches that occur when the dapple gene expresses itself twice in the
same area of the coat. The DCA excluded the wording "double-dapple"
from the standard in 2007 and now strictly use the wording "dapple"
as the double dapple gene is commonly responsible for blindness and deafness.
Size
Dachshunds
come in three sizes: standard, miniature, and kaninchen . Although the standard
and miniature sizes are recognized almost universally, the rabbit size is not
recognized by clubs in the United States and the United Kingdom. The rabbit
size is recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (World Canine
Federation) (FCI), which contain kennel clubs from 83 countries all over the
world. An increasingly common size for family pets falls between the miniature
and the standard size, frequently referred to as "tweenies," not an
official classification.
A
full-grown standard dachshund averages 16 lb (7.3 kg) to 32 lb (15 kg), while
the miniature variety normally weighs less than 12 lb (5.4 kg). The kaninchen
weighs 8 lb (3.6 kg) to 11 lb (5.0 kg). According to kennel club standards, the
miniature (and kaninchen, where recognized) differs from the full-size only by
size and weight, thus offspring from miniature parents must never weigh more
than the miniature standard to be considered a miniature as well. While many
kennel club size divisions use weight for classification, such as the American
Kennel Club, other kennel club standards determine the difference between the
miniature and standard by chest circumference; some kennel clubs, such as in
Germany, even measure chest circumference in addition to height and weight.
H.
L. Mencken said that "A dachshund is a half-dog high and a dog-and-a-half
long," although they have been referred to as "two dogs long".
This characteristic has led them to be quite a recognizable breed, and they are
featured in many a joke and cartoon, particularly The Far Side by Gary Larson.
Eye color
Light-colored
dachshunds can sport amber, light brown, or green eyes; however, kennel club
standards state that the darker the eye color, the better. They can also have
eyes of two different colors; however, this is only found in dapple and double
dapple dachshunds. Dachshunds can have a blue and a brown eye. Blue eyes,
partially blue eyes, or a blue eye and a brown eye are called "wall"
coloring, and are considered a non-desirable trait in kennel club standards.
Dappled eyes are also possible.
Wall-eye
is permissible according to DCA standards. Piebald-patterned dachshunds will
never have blue in their eyes, unless the dapple pattern is present.
Temperament
Dachshunds
are playful, but as hunting dogs can be quite stubborn, and are known for their
propensity for chasing small animals, birds, and tennis balls with great
determination and ferocity. Many dachshunds are stubborn, making them a challenge
to train.
Being
the owner of dachshunds, to me a book on dog discipline becomes a volume of
inspired humor. Every sentence is a riot. Some day, if I ever get a chance, I
shall write a book, or warning, on the character and temperament of the
dachshund and why he can't be trained and shouldn't be. I would rather train a
striped zebra to balance an Indian club than induce a dachshund to heed my
slightest command. When I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or
my hopes. He even disobeys me when I instruct him in something he wants to do.
— E.
B. White
Dachshunds
are statistically more aggressive to both strangers and other dogs. Despite
this, they are rated in the intelligence of dogs as an average working dog with
a persistent ability to follow trained commands 50% of the time or more. They
rank 49th in Stanley Coren's Intelligence of Dogs, being of average working and
obedience intelligence. They can have a loud bark. Some bark quite a lot and
may need training to stop, while others will not bark much at all. Dachshunds
are known for their devotion and loyalty to their owners, though they can be standoffish
towards strangers. If left alone, many dachshunds will whine until they have
companionship. Like many dogs if left alone too frequently, some dachshunds are
prone to separation anxiety and may chew objects in the house to relieve
stress.
Dachshunds
are burrowers by nature and are likely to burrow in blankets and other items around
the house, when bored or tired.
Dachshunds
can be difficult to housebreak, and patience and consistency is often needed in
this endeavor.
According
to the American Kennel Club's breed standards, "the dachshund is clever,
lively and courageous to the point of rashness, persevering in above and below
ground work, with all the senses well-developed. Any display of shyness is a
serious fault." Their temperament and body language give the impression
that they do not know or care about their relatively small size. Like many
small hunting dogs, they will challenge a larger dog. Indulged dachshunds may
become snappy or extremely obstinate.
Many
dachshunds do not like unfamiliar people, and many will growl or bark at them.
Although the dachshund is generally an energetic dog, some are sedate. This
dog's behavior is such that it is not the dog for everyone. A bored, untrained
dachshund will become destructive. If raised improperly and not socialized at a
young age, dachshunds can become aggressive or fearful.They require a caring,
loving owner who understands their need for entertainment and exercise.
Dachshunds
may not be the best pets for small children. Like any dog, dachshunds need a
proper introduction at a young age. Well trained dachshunds and well behaved
children usually get along fine. Otherwise, they may be aggressive and bite an
unfamiliar child, especially one that moves quickly around them or teases them.However,
many dachshunds are very tolerant and loyal to children within their family,
but these children should be mindful of the vulnerability of the breed's back.
A
2008 University of Pennsylvania study of 6,000 dog owners who were interviewed
indicated that dogs of smaller breeds were more likely to be "genetically
predisposed towards aggressive behaviour". Dachshunds were rated the most
aggressive, with 20% having bitten strangers, as well as high rates of attacks
on other dogs and their owners. The study noted that attacks by small dogs were
unlikely to cause serious injuries and because of this were probably
under-reported.
Health
The
breed is prone to spinal problems, especially intervertebral disk disease
(IVDD), due in part to an extremely long spinal column and short rib cage. The
risk of injury may be worsened by obesity, jumping, rough handling, or intense
exercise, which place greater strain on the vertebrae. About 20–25% of Dachshunds
will develop IVDD.
Treatment
consists of combinations of crate confinement and courses of anti-inflammatory
medications , or chronic pain medications, like tramadol. Serious cases may
require surgery to remove the troublesome disk contents. A dog may need the aid
of a cart to get around if paralysis occurs.
A
new minimally invasive procedure called "percutaneous laser disk ablation"
has been developed at the Oklahoma State University Veterinary Hospital.
Originally, the procedure was used in clinical trials only on dachshunds that
had suffered previous back incidents. Since dachshunds are prone to back
issues, the goal is to expand this treatment to dogs in a normal population.
In
addition to back problems, the breed is also prone to patellar luxation which
is where the kneecap can become dislodged. Dachshunds may also be affected by
Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease). The condition seems to be
mainly limited to wire-haired Dachshunds, with 17% being carriers. A genetic
test is available to allow breeders to avoid breeding carriers to carriers. In
such pairings, each puppy will have a 25% chance of being affected.
In
some double dapples, there are varying degrees of vision and hearing loss,
including reduced or absent eyes. Not all double dapples have problems with
their eyes and/or ears, which may include degrees of hearing loss, full deafness,
malformed ears, congenital eye defects, reduced or absent eyes, partial or full
blindness, or varying degrees of both vision and hearing problems; but
heightened problems can occur due to the genetic process in which two dapple
genes cross, particularly in certain breeding lines. Dapple genes, which are
dominant genes, are considered "dilution" genes, meaning whatever
color the dog would have originally carried is lightened, or diluted, randomly;
two dominant "dilution" genes can cancel each other out, or
"cross", removing all color and producing a white recessive gene, essentially
a white mutation. When occurring genetically within the eyes or ears, this
white mutation can be detrimental to development, causing hearing or vision
problems.
Other
dachshund health problems include hereditary epilepsy, granulomatous
meningoencephalitis, dental issues, Cushing's syndrome, thyroid and autoimmune
problems, various allergies and atopies, and various eye conditions including
cataracts, glaucoma, progressive retinal atrophy, corneal ulcers, nonucerative
corneal disease, sudden acquired retinal degeneration, and cherry eye.
Dachshunds are also 2.5 times more likely than other breeds of dogs to develop
patent ductus arteriosus, a congenital heart defect. Dilute color dogs (Blue,
Isabella, and Cream) are very susceptible to Color Dilution Alopecia, a skin
disorder that can result in hair loss and extreme sensitivity to sun. Since the
occurrence and severity of these health problems is largely hereditary,
breeders are working to eliminate these.
Inbreeding depression
Factors
influencing the litter size of puppies and the proportion of stillborn puppies
per litter were analyzed in normally sized German dachshunds. The records
analyzed contained data on 42,855 litters. It was found that as the inbreeding
coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn
puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. It was also found
that young and older dams had smaller litter sizes and more stillborn puppies
than middle-aged dams.
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